VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Online Reports

Report Number	Title	Authors	Sponsor	Description
R 2008-003	ITRC Drip Tape Problem Guide	Charles Burt		This publication is meant to help farmers, dealers, and manufacturers recognize and understand some of the problems that have been experienced with drip tape � problems that are quite different from manufacturing defects. Problems that are quickly detected and properly identified can often be remedied, or be avoided in the future. The report addresses drip tape damage caused by pests, installation, emitter pressure, plugging, and other categories.
R 2006-003	Non-Standard Structure Flow Measurement Evaluation using the Flow Rate Indexing Procedure - QIP	Stuart Styles, Bryan Busch, Daniel J. Howes, Marcus Cardenas		This report details the proper installation and calibration techniques for hydroacoustic meters. The calibration procedure developed as part of this study is called the Flow Rate Indexing Procedure (QIP). The QIP can be competed by a professional technician with a boat-mounted Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) or a standard current meter. Once the QIP has been used to properly calibrate a hydroacoustic flow meter, the device can then measure and record the flow rate and volume in a channel to within +/- 6% of actual values.
R 2012-001	Wine Grape Irrigation Management	Charles Burt		This report addresses difficulties in calculating correct ET values for wine grapes, and includes tips for wine grape irrigation scheduling, regulated deficit irrigation, soil moisture measurement, and crop canopy cover estimates.
R 2012-002	SBx7 Flow Rate Measurement Compliance for Agricultural Irrigation Districts	Charles Burt, Evan Geer		Senate Bill x7-7 (SBx7-7) requires documented volumetric accounting to individual turnouts for water deliveries. Section 597.3 of the bill lists two very different requirements for devices. This document examines the requirements of SBx7 and the implications for agricultural irrigation districts. The definitions and impacts of flow rate and volumetric accuracy are defined. Example scenarios and solutions are offered, as well as descriptions of applicable devices.
R 2002-001	Evaporation from Irrigated Agricultural Land in California	Charles Burt, Andrew Mutziger, Daniel Howes, Ken Solomon	CALFED, CSU/ARI	ITRC conducted a multi-year study on evaporation throughout the state of California. The stated intent of this research was to consolidate existing information on evaporation through literature reviews and interviews, and to compute evaporation amounts for representative conditions in California and use those amounts to extrapolate information for the complete irrigated agricultural area of California. This research was to address the question of the approximate magnitude of evaporation - a key piece of knowledge when defining the level of resources that should be committed to solving any problem.
R 2003-001	California Crop and Soil Evapotranspiration	ITRC	CALFED, Department of Water Resources, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation	The goal of this publication is to provide water users, consultants, water agency personnel, and others throughout California with information that will: (a) help individual water users with irrigation scheduling and system design and (b) help agricultural water agency personnel with water balances and future planning.
R 2003-011	Chemigation and Fertigation Basics for California	Charles Burt	California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR) Environmental Monitoring Branch	This article answers basic questions about chemigation and fertigation, including definitions, safety concerns, general rules, and hints for fertigation systems.
R 2010-002	Irrigation District Turnouts	Charles Burt	California Department of Water Resources	This is meant to be a very quick, roughly written primer on irrigation district turnout selection. It by no means covers all of the details, but it might help out.
R 2001-004	Bottom Mounted Doppler Flow Meter for Canals	ITRC	California Department of Water Resources and California Energy Commission	Doppler technology, similar to that used by meteorologists to track weather patterns, has been developed and expanded to fill the need for advanced water flow measurement technology that is relatively easy to use, applicable to various hydraulic conditions, and very accurate. This report discusses the operation of Doppler units, provides a comparison of the technology, benefits, cost, and use.
R 2011-002	GIS-Based Irrigation District Flow Routing/Scheduling	Charles Burt, Beau Freeman	California Energy Commission	ITRC undertook to develop a prototype of an intelligent and scalable real-time GIS-based water scheduling and routing software system for irrigation districts, capable of integrating multiple data sources into an information access and management facility featuring collaborative tools with automatic reasoning and analytical capabilities. The results of this study highlight a number of important lessons that will be applied towards future modernization efforts in the state抯 irrigation districts. These key lessons are outlined in this report, showing a significant progression in the conceptualization, organization, and execution of irrigation district-level DSS tools.
R 2011-001	Motor Reference	Mohamed Grissa	California Energy Commission	This document contains summary information about the following motor topics: motor selection information, AC induction motors, inverter duty motors, variable frequency drives, motor losses, and troubleshooting. The information contained in this document was gathered from a variety of online, interview, and print sources, including NEMA specifications.
R 2011-003	Irrigation System Components and Potentials for Energy Conservation	Charles Burt	California Energy Commission	On-site electricity conservation in irrigation can be accomplished through a series of general steps. The primary focus of the agricultural energy conservation programs of the utilities has been to improve the efficiency of the pumping plant. In general, the electric utilities have provided or subsidized pump testing, along with some form of rebate for replacement or repair of pumps. There are, of course, other irrigation-related aspects of energy conservation. However, this report focuses on on-site electricity conservation in the field.
R 2011-004	Characterization of Irrigation Pump Performance in Major Irrigated Areas of California	Charles Burt	California Energy Commission	Pumping data was collected from over 15,000 well and non-well pumps throughout the Sacramento, Salinas, and San Joaquin Valley groundwater basins of California. Data was analyzed by basin for each pump type, and averages were calculated based on the whole basin, overall pumping plant efficiency (OPPE), kWh/AF, and subbasins.
R 2011-005	Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Controlled Irrigation Pumps � Analysis of Potential Rebate	Charles Burt	California Energy Commission	Well pumps, booster pumps, and a combination of the two are used throughout the agricultural sector to provide water for on-farm irrigation. However, the pump discharge pressures for the majority of irrigation systems are excessive, waiving considerable monetary and power consumption savings. This report analyzes the numerous potential benefits of integrating a variable frequency drive (VFD) to irrigation supply systems and modifying system design philosophies.
R 2011-006	Low Pressure Drip/Micro System Design � Analysis of Potential Rebate	Charles Burt, Daniel Howes	California Energy Commission	Drip/micro irrigation systems are often referred to as 搇ow pressure� systems because the required emitter pressures are relatively low (6-12 psi). However, the pump discharge pressures of systems on flat ground throughout California average 40 psi. This report examines readily attainable system losses by examining individual components of the drip/micro system.
R 2010-001	Hydraulics of Commercial Sand Media Filter Tanks used for Agricultural Drip Irrigation	Charles Burt	California Energy Commission	Sand media filters are commonly used in agricultural drip irrigation systems. They have the advantages of simplicity and large capacities, and are favored by many farmers and designers over other filtration hardware. The primary justification for the research described in this report was to determine if it is possible and reasonable to use lower-than-accepted backflush pressures and thereby reduce the total pressure requirement for drip systems.
R 2008-001	Conversion to Groundwater Pumping with Drip/Micro Irrigation	Charles Burt, Monte Soto	California Energy Commission	Twenty-one irrigation districts in the Central Valley reported "conversion acres". Conversion acres are those on which farmers used only groundwater for drip/micro irrigation although surface irrigation water was available. The dominant factor that influences the conversion was the lack of flexible water delivery service to fields. The extra energy required for groundwater pumping on the 73,000 conversion acres is estimated at 76,000,000 kW-hr/yr.
R 2008-002	Irrigation District Energy Survey	Charles Burt, Daniel Howes	California Energy Commission	The purpose of the survey was to establish a benchmark for the present status of the pumping systems used by agricultural water districts in California and to determine the districts' needs. The needs discussed involve technical assistance, research grant and low-interest loan funding, and district-related policy issues. Thirty agricultural water districts were selected for the survey. These districts were selected based on energy use per acre of irrigated area, size, geographic location, and distribution infrastructure.
R 2007-001	Flap Gate	ITRC	California Energy Commission	ITRC began to investigate early designs of Flap Gates in 1992. Originating in Holland in the 1940s, the Flap Gate is a simple, inexpensive hydraulic gate for automatic upstream water level control. This report includes information on design (the Microsoft Excel files available for download), installation, maintenance, water conservation and efficiency, cost, use, and benefits.
R 2006-002	Volumetric Water Pricing	ITRC	California Energy Commission	This report discusses the concept of volumetric pricing for irrigation water, separated into the following sections: 1) The justification for paying volumetrically, 2) The challenge of charging volumetrically, 3) Characteristics of volumetric charges and influencing factors, 4) Examples of irrigation projects with volumetric charges, and 5) A summary of necessary conditions for volumetric billing.
R 2006-004	Electric Motor Efficiency under Variable Frequencies and Loads	ITRC	California Energy Commission	The primary research objective of this study was to determine motor efficiencies under varying speeds (induced by a VFD controller) and loads. A broader objective was to provide sufficient information to designers and economists so that they could estimate total pumping plant power usage with a VFD-controlled installation. Motors were tested with VFDs as well as across-the-line.
R 2005-003	CEC Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program - Final Report	Charles Burt, Daniel Howes	California Energy Commission	The Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program (APLRP) was developed by the California Energy Commission (CEC) in early June 2001, under the authority of Section 5(b) of California Senate Bill 5x. This legislation arose from the blackouts and brownouts that hit the state of California during the 2000-2001 winter, caused by a severe imbalance in electricity supply. The primary goal of SB 5x was to reduce peak period electric demand throughout California. As a result of this program, water agencies throughout California exceeded expectations in regard to curtailing peak load and were able to do this with lower-than-expected funding. For more information, visit the ITRC CEC APLRP web page.
R 2004-002	Power Quality - Measurement and Conditioning Related to Variable Frequency Drives in Irrigation Districts	ITRC	California Energy Commission	The Irrigation Training and Research Center, working under agreement with the California Energy Commission as part of its Public Interest Energy Research Program, completed a study to examine the quality of electric power that supplies motors for irrigation pumps. This study was performed in three phases: a literature review, field research, and simulation testing.
R 2004-003	Irrigation District Observations on Large Diameter, Low Pressure Pipeline Materials	ITRC	California Energy Commission	The Agricultural Peak Load Reduction Program (APLRP) was developed by the California Energy Commission (CEC) in early June 2001, under the authority of Section 5(b) of California Senate Bill 5x. This legislation arose from the blackouts and brownouts that hit the state of California during the 2000-2001 winter, caused by a severe imbalance in electricity supply. The primary goal of SB 5x was to reduce peak period electric demand throughout California. As a result of this program, water agencies throughout California exceeded expectations in regard to curtailing peak load and were able to do this with lower-than-expected funding.
R 2004-004	VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Specifications for Irrigation District Applications	ITRC	California Energy Commission	This information was compiled by ITRC under the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) End Use Agricultural Sector Program, administered by the California Energy Commission, and includes specifications for standards, warranties, submittals, VFD size, and other technical details to aid districts in the selection and implementation of VFD systems.
R 1994-002	Estimating the Payback for an Electrical VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) Application in a Pumping Plant Which Presently Spills Excess Pumpage	ITRC	California Energy Commission	This report includes equations and tips for pump selection criteria and estimating the annual KW-HR savings for a VFD installation, including the maximum potential savings and the approximate amount of KW-HR that would have been consumed if one pump had been converted to VFD.
R 1995-001	Delano-Earlimart Irrigation District: Variable Frequency Drive Study	ITRC	California Energy Commission	This study examined the pump station operation at Delano-Earlimart Irrigation District after the installation of a variable frequency drive (VFD) control. A detailed evaluation was made in order to develop specific recommendations on the operation and use of VFDs.
R 2003-006	California Agricultural Water Electrical Energy Requirements	Charles Burt, Daniel Howes, Gary Wilson	California Energy Commission	ITRC conducted an analysis of the energy used to supply water in California agricultural trends in the agricultural water community to predict future energy requrements.
R 1996-003	Buried Drip Irrigation on Pistachios Study - Munger-Poonian Land and Farming Co.	Charles Burt, Stuart Styles	California Energy Commission	A multi-year study and technical support were conducted on commercial fields of pistachios, apples, table grapes, wine grapes, and blueberries in central California. The learning curve required by growers, and energy and irrigation efficiencies was documented.
R 1996-002	Row Crop Drip Irrigation on Bell Peppers Study - Underwood Ranches	ITRC	California Energy Commission	A 3-year study was completed on a commercial field of approx. 50 acres. Design and management support were provided, and improvements were documented in both irrigation efficiency and energy efficiency.
R 1996-001	Row Crop Drip Irrigation on Peppers Study - High Rise Farms	ITRC	California Energy Commission	A 3-year study was completed on a commercial field of approx. 50 acres. Design and management support were provided, and improvements were documented in both irrigation efficiency and energy efficiency.
R 2002-003	Infrared Inspection	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Infrared thermography is the use of infrared radiation to qualitatively and quantitatively express heat signatures and heat differences. Infrared inspection can help identify weak connections in an electrical box, uneven heating of pump windings, overheating of bearings, and many other possibly devastating problems well before any failure occurs. The use of thermography as a preventative tool can increase system reliability and efficiency.
R 2002-006	Variable Frequency Drives and SCADA - Are they worthwhile investments?	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Managers and personnel from five California irrigation districts were interviewed to determine if installing variable frequency drives (VFDs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems were worthwhile investments.
R 2002-009	Variable Frequency Drives - Planning your system	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Many irrigation districts are installing Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) to increase their level of service to their customers and/or to reduce their energy consumption. This brochure is intended to help irrigation districts properly evaluate what type of VFD they need and how to install it.
R 2001-001	Pumped Storage: Simple Changes, Big Savings	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Several California irrigation districts achieved savings on electrical energy charges by implementing various types of pumped storage systems. Pumped storage uses some type of reservoir to store pumped water at a higher elevation than the original water supply. During times of peak statewide electricity demand, pumping is reduced while water is withdrawn from the reservoir, which acts as a buffer.
R 2001-002	Load Monitoring System	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Arvin-Edison Water Storage District received a loan - from the CEC loan program for the development of new energy conservation technology - in 1995 to develop a program with variable frequency drives. This report discusses the design of the Load Monitoring System, cost, the need for such a system, initial start-up challenges, configuration options, and benefits.
R 2001-005	Adjustable Magnetic Couper	ITRC	California Energy Commission	Efficiency in terms of power consumption is vital and continues to be increasingly important. The use of adjustable speed pumps can reduce energy consumption and improve controllability of pressure or flows. One such technology, the MagnaDrive coupler, has been developed for service in a variety of applications.
R 2001-006	Lookout vs. Intellution Comparison	Kurt Colvin	California Energy Commission	A systematic evaluation was performed on two Human Machine Interface software packages (Lookout from National Instruments and iFIX from Intellution). This was accomplished with a simulated, automated water level control system, using a Control Microsystems SCADAPack PLC. Through the evaluation, Lookout clearly outperformed iFIX in nearly all categories.
R 2001-010	Remote Monitoring and Control - System Set-Up	Xianshu Piao and Lisa Burt	California Energy Commission	This SCADA report presents a basic step-by-step outline for setting up and configuring a system for the remote monitoring and control of equipment. For demonstration purposes, it refers specifically to a system set up by ITRC for testing water level sensors.
R 2001-007	Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights	ITRC	California Energy Commission and Pacific Gas & Electric Company	Cal Poly ITRC, together with various irrigation industry leaders and the Irrigation Dealers Association of California, and with assistance from the California Energy Commission and Pacific Gas & Electric Co., developed the Irrigation Consumer Bill of Rights (ICBR) in 1994.
R 2003-007	Telog PR-31 Water Level Tracker	ITRC	California Energy Commission and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation	The Irrigation Training and Research Center, working under a technical service agreement with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Mid-Pacific Region, has undertaken a performance review of advanced electronic water level measurement technologies in irrigation applications. An example is the Telog PR-31 Level Tracker.
R 2003-008	ITRC Weir Stick	ITRC	California Energy Commission and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	The Irrigation Training and Research Center, working under a technical service agreement with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Mid-Pacific Region, has developed a new weir rule for open-channel flow rate measurement.
R 2002-004	Doppler Flow Meters for Turnouts	ITRC	California Energy Commission and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	Irrigation districts, farmers and other agricultural and environmental water users need reliable and low-cost flow meters with integrated dataloggers to measure water velocity and depth with a high level of precision. The Irrigation Training and Research Center has undertaken a performance review of advanced electronic flow measurement technologies in irrigation applications. Examples are the Unidata STARFLOW and the MACE AgriFlo Ultrasonic Doppler Meters.
R 2005-002	Canal Flow Rate Measurement Guidelines - ITRC 2005: Hydroacoustic Meters	ITRC	California Energy Commission and US Bureau of Reclamation	Hydroacoustic flow meters provide remote velocity sampling and integrated flow measurement based on the physical principle called Doppler shift.
R 2002-007	Benchmarking of Flexibility and Needs 2002 - Survey of Non-Federal Irrigation Districts	ITRC	Department of Water Resources	ITRC interviewed irrigation district personnel from 17 agricultural districts throughout California. Data were analyzed to determine the degree of water delivery flexibility provided to farmers and the extent of existing and planned district modernization. This report did not include irrigation districts with long-term federal contracts.
R 2003-003	Reclamation Leaching for Salinity Buildup Under Drip/Micro Irrigation of Trees	ITRC	Department of Water Resources and CSU/ARI	ITRC conducted a reclamation leaching experiment in a pistachio orchard in order to quantify the leaching water required to remove salts from the effective root zone of trees. This experiment tested a new reclamation leaching technique - multiple lines of low-flow drip tape were used to apply water to the area of salinity accumulation along a tree row.
R 2003-004	Salinity Patterns on Row Crops under Subsurface Drip Irrigation (SDI) on the Westside of the San Joaquin Valley of California	Charles Burt, Othman Al-Amoudi, Alejandro Paolini	Department of Water Resources and CSU/ARI	The objectives of this study were to identify if there was detrimental salinity buildup in the upper layers of soil caused by the usage of SDI on row crops, identify the extent of any detrimental salinity buildup, and identify successful and/or essential practices used by farmers who use SDI.
R 2003-005	Soil Salinity Accumulation in Orchards with Drip and Micro-spray Irrigation in Arid Areas of California	ITRC	Department of Water Resources and CSU/ARI	A soil salinity accumulation study was conducted to examine the long-term impact of drip and micro irrigation on salinity build-up in orchards, focusing on the salinity concentration pattern across a soil profile. The study assessed the current level of salinity accumulation in orchards irrigated with drip/micro systems and provided information to support recommendations on the most effective and efficient leaching techniques.
R 2001-008	Rapid Appraisal Process and Benchmarking	Charles Burt	FAO/UN and World Bank	The Rapid Appraisal Process (RAP) was documented by Charles Burt and Stuart Styles in the Food and Agriculture (FAO) publication Water Reports 19 - Modern Water Control and Management Practices in Irrigation. ITRC Report R 01-008 provides an update of the spreadsheets used to record field data. The spreadsheets now automatically compute various internal and external indices and summarize them. The recent IPTRID benchmarking indicators are also computed.
R 2001-009	Proceso de Evaluaci髇 R醦ido (RAP) y Comparaci髇 con el Patr髇 de Referencia (Benchmarking)	Charles Burt	FAO/UN and World Bank	Este documento provee una explicaci髇 del Proceso De Evaluaci髇 R醦ido (RAP), como tambi閚 una breve explicaci髇 de la Comparaci髇 con el Patr髇 de Referencia como tambi閚 de los datos que deben ser recolectados para ambos esfuerzos. Este documento tambi閚 provee una explicaci髇 de los archivos en EXCEL.
R 2004-001	Well Efficiency Class in Tulare, California on November 13, 2003	Gary Wilson	Southern California Edison AgTAC Center	The Irrigation Training and Research Center, working under a technical service agreement with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Mid-Pacific Region, has developed a new weir rule for open-channel flow rate measurement.
R 2002-002	Side Mounted Doppler Flow Meter for Canals	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation	The Irrigation Training and Research Center has undertaken a performance review of advanced electronic flow measurement technologies in irrigation applications. An example is the SonTek Argonaut Side-Looking (SL) Doppler Flow Meter.
R 2001-011	Evaluation and Modification of a Float Valve for the Delano-Earlimart Irrigation District	Franklin Gaudi	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation	This report discusses the evaluation and modification of a float valve for the Delano Earlimart Irrigation District (DEID). The float valve is one part of the system that DEID uses to meet water needs. The float valve assembly includes a frame, float, guide for the float, linkage, and a butterfly valve. Preliminary tests showed that waterhammer was evident at DEID and posed a potential problem. After working with DEID and making two modifications to the float valve, field tests indicate that corrections made to the assembly improved the operation and aids in the prevention of waterhammer.
R 2004-005	Water Level Sensor Testing	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	The findings presented here are the continuation of a series of studies begun in 1998 to test water level sensors under a variety of hydraulic conditions. This report is intended as a supplement to the original 1999 report, entitled "Water Level Sensor and Datalogger Testing and Demonstration" (ITRC Report No. R 99-002), which describes the testing processes in detail and presents detailed results for the first 17 sensors tested. The 2003 research, summarized in this report, includes the testing of five new sensors.
R 2004-006	Water Level Sensor Testing Summary	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	This is a summary brochure of the findings presented in ITRC Reports No. R 99-02 and R 04-005, a series of studies begun in 1998 to test water level sensors under a variety of hydraulic conditions. This document is intended as a quick reference and includes the sensor selection guides and ratings tables from the previous reports.
R 2003-010	Underground Pipe Locating Demonstration at Arvin-Edison Water Storage District	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	The Irrigation Training and Research Center arranged an underground pipe locating demonstration/presentation at the district in August 2003.
R 1996-004	Status and Needs Assessment: Survey of Irrigation Districts	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	ITRC gathered data from 61 agricultural districts in the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation Mid-Pacific Region by interviewing irrigation district personnel and studying their Water Conservation Plans. These districts comprise about 90 percent of the irrigated acreage in the Mid-Pacific Region. Data were analyzed to determine general demographic information, the degree of water delivery flexibility provided to farmers, and the extent of existing and planned district modernization.
R 1998-002	Drip/Micro Irrigation Survey for Delano-Earlimart Irrigation District	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	DEID obtained a grant from USBR Mid-Pacific region to examine perceptions of its farmers regarding future conversions to drip and micro-irrigation. DEID then contracted with the Irrigation Training and Research Center (ITRC) at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo to conduct and analyze a survey of DEID farmers with the objectives of answering several questions. This report presents the pertinent data and results from the survey.
R 1999-005	District Application of Hand Held Data Recorder Technology	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	A hand held data recorder (HHDR) enables a district to collect field data in a quick and virtually error-free manner. The data gathered with HHDRs depend on the needs of each district: meter readings-totalizer, meter flow rates, crop type and double crop tracking, crop growth stage, meter status, maintenance codes for meter repairs, maintenance codes for meter area, water use type, pump runtimes, weather data, and power meter readings.
R 1999-004	Hand Held Data Recorder (HHDR)	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	An HHDR is used to collect data from the field and to download that data to a database to generate reports for meters in the irrigation districts.
R 1999-003	Managing District Data Needs - Narrowing in on a Moving Target	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	Ditchriders in San Luis Water District, Panoche Water District, Delano-Earlimart Irrigation District, Westside Water District, glide-Kanawha Water District, and Central California Irrigation district use or are beginning to use hand held data recorders (HHDR) to gather field information.
R 1999-002	Water Level Sensor and Datalogger Testing and Demonstration	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	Electronic water level sensing equipment is becoming increasingly important for the implementation of water conservation programs in irrigation districts. A need has risen for information on costs, advantages/disadvantages, required support equipment, and required maintenance for the various options. ITRC conducted a yearlong study on water level sensors and dataloggers and produced this report.
R 1999-001	Simple, Portable Water Level Monitoring Package	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	Supplemental report to "Water Level Sensor and Datalogger Testing and Demonstration" Covers the details necessary to to put together a simple, portable water level monitoring package.
R 2000-005	Benchmarking and Flexibility and Needs 2004 - Survey of Irrigation Districts	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	ITRC interviewed irrigation district personnel from 60 agricultural district representing approximately 91% of the irrigated acreage within the U.S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation (USBR), Mid-Pacific Region. The purpose of this Survey was to: identify the extent of flexibility of water delivery presently offered by irrigation and water districts to farmers; identify educational programs in which districts currently participate or have accomplished; and identify improvements which can be made in regards to technology and water conservation and what types of assistance districts will require in the future to make those improvements.
R 2002-010	Basic Design of Replogle Flumes	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region	To facilitate accurate flow measurement, this paper describes specific design and construction considerations applicable to Replogle flumes in irrigation applications. A design example is provided to illustrate these concepts.
R 2000-006	Actuators for Sluice Gates - Alternatives to Commercially Available Products	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Mid-Pacific Region and Yuma Area Office	Gate actuators provide a method of raising and lowering canal gates using electric motors instead of human power. ITRC has investigated four alternatives to commercially available actuators designed specifically for the operation of canal gates.
R 2004-007	Benchmarking of Flexibility and Needs - 2004	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Pacific Northwest Region	ITRC interviewed irrigation district personnel from 25 agricultural districts in eastern Washington, northern Idaho and western Montana. Data were analyzed to determine the degree of water delivery flexibility provided to farmers and the extent of existing and planned district modernization. This is the fourth such report the ITRC has published for irrigation districts in the western US. This report includes districts that receive at least some water from federal facilities.
R 2003-009	Government Highline Canal - A Win-Win Solution	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region	The Irrigation Training and Research Center, working under a technical service agreement with the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) Upper Colorado Region, Western Colorado Area Office, performed canal modernization on the Government Highline Canal in the form of automated canal structures, in-system storage, and new operational procedures that could significantly reduce operational spill.
R 2000-004	Evaluation of Anti-Fouling Paints	ITRC	U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Yuma Area Office	Algae and other growth on Replogle flumes, often used as flow measurement devices in irrigation canals, can effect the accuracy of measurements in those canals. Research was conducted to find a product that would prevent buildup on the flumes. Hard Anti-fouling paint, designed to be applied to concrete rather than fiberglass, wood, steel or iron, was the type of paint used in this study.
R 1998-001	Modern Water Control and Management Practices in Irrigation: Impact on Performance	Charles Burt, Stuart Styles	World Bank	This research addressed the basic questions of what levels of water delivery service are presently provided by irrigation projects having some aspect of modernization; what hardware and software features impact those levels of service; whether modern water control and management practices in irrigation make a positive difference in performance; and what universal lessons can be learned and applied. The full published report is also available from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO Water Report 19, ISBN 92-5-104282-9, publications-sales@fao.org